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The Art of Climate Activism

The Art of Climate Activism
GiGi Buddie ’23

Artwork selection from Human Impact Stories: The Climate Crossroads exhibit curated by GiGi Buddie ’23.
Left to right, top to bottom: Severiana Domínguez González (Mexico) illustrated by Sino Ngwane (South Africa); Saraswati Dhruv (India) illustrated by Radja Ouslimane (Algeria); Gabriella Sakina (DRC) illustrated by Maryam Lethome (Kenya); Raquel Cunampio (Panama) illustrated by Astrid “Lotus” Caballeros (Guatemala).
See complete series at humanimpactsinstitute.org/climatecrossroads

On the other side of the Atlantic last November, Pomona College student GiGi Buddie ’23 stood behind a dais marked with the familiar United Nations logo and the words “UN Climate Change Conference UK 2021.” She was in Glasgow as a youth delegate to COP26 representing Human Impacts Institute, a nonprofit that uses art and culture to inspire environmental action.

The stage, and the microphone, were hers.

“I am Mescalero Apache and Tongva Indian,” Buddie began as she spoke at a joint event with the Bolivian delegation inside the Blue Zone, the vast area managed by the United Nations where negotiations and other events took place.

“I am a daughter, sister, student, artist, warrior and caretaker of this earth,” Buddie continued, the beaded earrings crafted for her by Chickasaw student Coco Percival ’21 dangling from her ears. “I am standing here before you on behalf of my ancestors who fought to give me life, give me a voice, give me a home and a community to remind me of my roots that extend deep into this earth. For it is because of my ancestors that I am here. It is because of them that I can see light in a world that seems to grow darker each passing year. They give me hope. They give me strength. It is because of them that I fight so hard here, though we must all confront the truth that this shouldn’t be a fight.

“There is no debate on human lives and history. There is no debate on the hurt and grief and the immense loss that my people have suffered. There is no debate on what’s right and wrong because colonial and capitalist morals are rooted in greed and corruption. There is no debate. There can only be what do we do now? How do we move forward more knowledgeably? How can we share the seats at a table with voices that know this earth?”

Buddie grew up as what is sometimes called an urban Indian, living with her family outside San Francisco. What she learned about her heritage came mainly from stories and rituals introduced by her mother, Kaia, and from visits to the annual Stanford Powwow, one of the largest such gatherings on the West Coast. At Pomona, Buddie’s understanding of the experiences of other native peoples has deepened with her involvement in the Indigenous Peer Mentoring Program on campus and lessons learned from local Tongva elders such as Barbara Drake and Julia Bogany before their recent passings.

Growing up in the Bay Area, GiGi Buddie often attended the Stanford Powwow (shown here), the largest student-organized powwow in the nation.

Growing up in the Bay Area, GiGi Buddie often attended the Stanford Powwow (shown here), the largest student-organized powwow in the nation.

It is as a theatre major and environmental analysis student at Pomona that Buddie has found the place where her heritage melds with her talents and the urgent need for action in the face of climate change. She has become an environmental warrior whose chosen weapon is art, whether it is the spoken word, a poem, visual art or a performance onstage.

The work that took her to COP26 with Human Impacts Institute was the multimedia exhibit she curated as an intern, Human Impact Stories: The Climate Crossroads, highlighting 10 Indigenous women and youth from around the world who are environmental activists.

On display at Glasgow’s Centre for Contemporary Arts and later inside the COP26 Blue Zone, the exhibit featured oversized prints of the activists’ portraits—each created by an Indigenous or Afro-descendant artist—along with the stories of their work and the ways of life they seek to protect.

Brazil’s Watatakalu Yawalapiti, founder of the Xingu Women’s Movement, works to increase Indigenous women’s political voices in battling such issues as deforestation in the Amazon region. Indonesian teenager Kynan Tegar fights with a camera, using film and storytelling to show the effects of environmental changes on his Dayak Iban people of Borneo. Vehia Wheeler, cofounder of Sustainable Oceania Solutions Mo’orea, is an academic, consultant and activist working to teach youth in Oceania to combine ancestral knowledge with STEM methods to protect the environment.

Buddie collaborated with Tara DePorte, the founder and executive director of Human Impacts Institute, to select the featured activists from nominations from around the world, focusing on the Southern Hemisphere. Buddie then identified Indigenous artists to commission for the striking, colorful portraits that drew people into the exhibit. She also interviewed the featured leaders—sometimes requiring a translator—and wrote brief biographies to accompany transcripts of the interviews, all of which are available at the Human Impacts Institute website.

The point was to amplify their work and their voices, so that others trying to find solutions to climate change recognize that many Indigenous people already are experiencing effects from environmental change—and that the wisdom of their elders provides ideas to combat it that aren’t being heard.

“Indigenous communities usually have very close ties to nature, living with the land rather than on the land, taking advantage of what is there and always giving back,” Buddie says, noting that such practices as using controlled burns to prevent wildfires have been practiced by native peoples for thousands of years. “The sad part is that the climate crisis most often affects Indigenous communities and minority communities in greater ways than it does in more wealthy communities. They’re the first impacted and hardest hit.”

During her time in Scotland, Buddie experienced both exhilaration and frustration.

“Everything was so new and overwhelming, mostly in a good way,” she says. “When we got the exhibit all set up and the video was playing, the music was on and people started to trickle in, I just realized: It’s real; we’re here. All the work that we’ve done, it’s here at COP26.”

Listening to those who visited gave
her a sense of meaning.

“I got a lot of, ‘This was eye-opening. I didn’t know this,’” she says.

Her varied work in the Indigenous climate movement has expanded during her time at Pomona. As a first-year student, she took an acting course with Prof. Giovanni Ortega that introduced her to This Is a River, a play being written by Pomona Theatre Prof. James Taylor and Isabelle Rogers ’20. That summer, Buddie joined them on a research expedition to Borneo, the play’s setting, where she was stunned to see how deforestation, palm oil plantations and the building of dams affected the Indigenous people who make their homes along the Baram River.

Her efforts to convey the urgency of climate change through art have included work with the nonprofit The Arctic Cycle and its Climate Change Theatre Action project, a worldwide series of performances of short climate change plays that Buddie has been part of on Pomona’s campus. Last fall, she acted as producer for the Pomona event and brought in speaker Chantal Bilodeau, the Arctic Cycle’s founding artistic director, now one of Buddie’s mentors.

A play, Buddie has come to believe, is a perfect way to reach people.

“You quite literally have a stage,” she says. “I think what’s so beautiful about theatre and other forms of art, visual and performing, is that anything that has to do with scientific jargon or academia can be so scary,” she says. “However, when you take the science of it and put the issue into a play, you’re making it more accessible and you’re creating an environment where people can absorb and interact with this material in a way that they’re able to connect with and understand. It’s also a way to tug at the heartstrings a little bit. When you see the IPCC [Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] Report, it’s scary. But taking it and putting it into art creates an avenue where anybody can come to it, and it can be accessible. That’s really powerful.”

Ortega, the theatre professor who traveled with the Borneo research group, praises Buddie’s acting in roles in campus productions including 2019’s Metamorphoses and Circle Mirror Transformation last fall.

GiGi Buddie, right, performs in Metamorphoses in 2019

GiGi Buddie, right, performs in Metamorphoses in 2019
Photo by Ian Poveda ’21

“Not only is she very keen on these issues, she’s also a phenomenal actress,” Ortega says. “But I think what’s really important about her is the amount of empathy that she carries, as a person who identifies as Indigenous and someone who cares about the environment. She’s more passionate than ever, and that was really evident when she came back from COP26. You could tell that this is a fire that’s inside of her, because this generation is just really exhausted with the pace that we are going regarding environmental change.”

Inside the Blue Zone in Glasgow, Buddie caught glimpses of activists such as Al Gore and Leonardo DiCaprio. Yet at the same time, she felt a simmering resentment toward world leaders and corporations she feels aren’t acting quickly enough to address climate change.

“It was so painful and eye-opening to sit there knowing that these world leaders were not truly listening, or if they were listening, it was some scheme to make themselves look better by saying, ‘We’re listening,’” she says. “They’re saying that they’re throwing coins in a wishing well for how we want the planet to change. I’m thinking, ‘You have the power. You are the power that makes the change. Do it.’”

It was, after all, COP26, meaning that the Conference of the Parties, the decision-making body responsible for the implementation of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate, had met 25 times before, since 1995. António Guterres, the U.N. Secretary General, opened COP26 by saying the top priority must be to limit the rise in global temperatures since pre-industrial times to just 1.5 degrees Celsius. Already, the world has warmed 1.1 degrees.

COP26 Summit - Day Three

British Prime Minister Boris Johnson and U.S. President Joe Biden were accused of nodding off because of photos such as this.

“I think that especially at this climate summit, it was just so real and in your face that we don’t have time,” Buddie says. “Like Joe Biden and Boris Johnson falling asleep in the middle of negotiations. The entire world is watching you. The entire world is listening. And that’s what you do?”

What she wants most desperately and is trying to encourage through art is for people to listen, and to act.

“Which, seeing it at COP, everywhere you looked, it was just people pretending to listen.”

Crossing Boundaries

Crossing Boundaries

Virginia Prince ’35

In April 1952, an unusual ad appeared in the classified section of the music and entertainment magazine Billboard. “Female impersonator magazine in preparation; articles and pictures needed from amateurs and professionals,” the ad read. It included an address in Long Beach, California, where readers could send their submissions.

A month later, a small set of subscribers received a 26-page, mimeographed magazine in the mail, called Transvestia: Journal of the American Society for Equality in Dress. The magazine was unlike anything else in circulation at the time. Transvestia self-consciously positioned itself as a publication by and for people who cross-dressed. “Perusal of this publication is primarily intended for complete as well as partial transvestites,” the first issue declared. Transvestia, the editors wrote, was designed so its readers could “obtain at least a modicum of mental security and adjustment” about their identities. Even Alfred Kinsey, the famed sexologist, wrote in to offer his support for the publication.

The small group of California women who co-founded Transvestia included a Pomona College graduate, Virginia Prince ’35, who helped launch the magazine alongside Joanne Thornton and the trans activist Louise Lawrence. Though Prince worked as a chemist at the time, she would eventually take over Transvestia and lead it through its decades-long run. Prince would go on to become one of the most prominent early activists in the trans community, publishing multiple books on her life and frequently appearing on television and radio shows in the 1960s and ’70s. But that foray into activism began, in many ways, with the 1952 magazine.

When the first issue of Transvestia appeared, the U.S. had little by way of a queer movement. An organization called the Mattachine Society had sprung up in 1950, but it was focused mainly on the needs of gay men. Aside from a few informal social groups, no organization existed for people who had a more varied experience of gender—meaning people who cross-dressed, people who lived as a gender other than the one they’d been assigned at birth, and so on. The term “transsexual,” a precursor to the modern label of “transgender,” was not coined in English until 1949.

Prince sparked a more nuanced conversation about gender identity in an era when that dialogue was almost entirely taboo, yet her legacy today remains complicated. Throughout her life, she rebuffed large swaths of trans people, dismissing those who opted for gender-affirmation surgeries as well as those who slept with members of the same sex. Anyone whose relationships would be seen as gay, she wanted to keep at a distance.

A complete collection of Transvestia magazine issues is held by the University of Victoria's Transgender Archives.

A complete collection of Transvestia magazine issues is held by the University of Victoria’s Transgender Archives.

Prince was born in 1912 to a prominent Los Angeles family. Her father, Charles LeRoy Lowman, came from a long line of doctors. From birth, the world perceived Prince as a boy. But Prince quickly took a more nuanced view of her gender. Though she later pinpointed the beginning of her cross-dressing to when she was 12, Prince said she couldn’t remember all of the reasons she started wearing women’s clothes. “All I know was that by the age of 16 it was full blown,” she wrote in 1979 in the 100th issue of Transvestia, which can be found in the collection of the University of Victoria’s Transgender Archive. (A collection of Prince’s personal papers is archived at Cal State Northridge.) The teenager dressed mostly in stolen moments, saying that “by the time I was 18 I had accumulated a small wardrobe” of women’s clothes, “and when I could assure myself that my parents were going to be away long enough I would go into the garage and dress there and then sneak out.”

Prince enrolled at Pomona in 1931, joined a fraternity and dressed in coat and tie for class photos in the Metate yearbook. After graduating with a degree in chemistry, Prince—still going by the name Lowman—moved to San Francisco to pursue a Ph.D. in pharmacology. There, working as a medical researcher, Prince visited libraries across San Francisco in a professional capacity and on the side began combing through medical papers on trans people, eager to understand more about others who cross-dressed. At one point, Prince attended a psychiatric conference at which Barbara Ann Richards, a trans woman who received press coverage in 1941 after petitioning to have her name legally changed, described her relationship to gender. Prince was floored. Though the two had never met, Prince recognized Richards from their time at Pomona—the two had been in the same first-year class, both dressing as men at the time. Seeing Richards “had reached into my head where I kept all of my secrets and then revealed them to the world,” Prince said later. “I blushed deeply and became very nervous.” But Prince couldn’t get enough. “At the end of that session they announced that next week they would present another transvestite,” she wrote later. “Naturally you couldn’t have kept me away.”

In the early 1940s, Prince met Louise Lawrence, a trans organizer who was embarking on a speaking tour at medical schools across the country. Through Lawrence, Prince became connected with other people in the community. In the late 1940s, when Prince moved back to Southern California, she started meeting in a friend’s apartment with a small group of other people who were perceived as men but who lived, at least part-time, as women. That “ratty little place in Long Beach,” as Prince described it later, “became a mecca for all the TVs [transvestites] who knew about it.” Together, the women would create the first incarnation of Transvestia.

The original run of Transvestia fizzled out quickly, however. Only two editions were published in 1952. The third wouldn’t reach subscribers’ homes until May 1960. By that point, Prince was the magazine’s sole publisher and editor, a title that she held on top of her multiple business ventures.

A born entrepreneur, Prince launched a pet care wholesaler she called Cardinal Laboratories, which manufactured and sold beauty products to pet salons. Later, she created a chemical lab called Westwood Laboratories. The money she earned from the ventures helped subsidize her forays into activism. When Transvestia re-launched, Prince had only 25 subscribers, paying $4 each. The original co-founders were no longer involved in the publication. But Prince was determined to make it work.

For those people who knew about it, Transvestia quickly became a lifeline. Not only did it feature advice on how to dress, how to talk to partners about gender, and how to find others in the community, but it also teemed with personal stories of people who gravitated toward genders other than the ones they’d been assigned at birth. The publication featured a rotating cast of “cover stars”—a group that either identified as femme cross-dressers or as trans women—who sent in photos of themselves, plus short essays describing their experiences. The cover star from Issue No. 8, an Australian woman named Kate Cummings, wrote of her gratitude to Transvestia. “When it arrived I was overwhelmed by the potential wealth of transvestite material available to me by subscribing,” she said.

Transvestia didn’t reach a wide audience. Prince once claimed it never surpassed 1,000 subscribers, and only a few newsstands seemed to stock it. Ms. Bob Davis, a longtime researcher and the founder of the Louise Lawrence Transgender Archive in Vallejo, California, said that she once saw issues of Transvestia on a stand at a leftist bookstore in Philadelphia. But few other retail stores stocked Transvestia.

Transvestia had other problems—namely, its membership restrictions. In the early days, Transvestia featured a broad spectrum of gender minorities. Cover stars would talk about sleeping with partners of multiple genders, and some of those underwent gender transitions of their own. But as the publication evolved, it became more restrictive.

Transvestia

In 1961, Prince created an organization of her own: First it was called the Hose & Heels Club, then Foundation for Personality Expression, then eventually Tri-Ess, for Society for the Second Self. Yet in all the organization’s incarnations, Prince limited membership to people like her: heterosexual-identified people who cross-dressed. Anyone else, including gay or bisexual people as well as any trans person who had undergone gender-affirmation surgery, was barred from joining. New members had to apply to be accepted, and on the group’s application, Prince asked questions about their sexual and surgical histories. (Tri-Ess still exists today, and its website identifies it specifically as a “group for heterosexual crossdressers.”)

Dallas Denny, a trans writer and activist, remembers writing a letter to Tri-Ess in the 1970s after seeing representatives from the group on TV. “I told them I understood I was not eligible to be a member but that I had been searching for community for my entire life unsuccessfully, and would you please put me in touch with someone who knows about transsexualism so I can get some support?” she says. A few weeks later, she received a handwritten letter from Virginia Prince, which ended up “explaining to me I could never be a female,” Denny says. “It just devastated me.”

Still, according to Davis, the Louise Lawrence archivist, some people who had undergone gender-affirmation surgeries did join Tri-Ess; they simply lied about their histories. In the 1970s especially, Prince’s organization was “pretty much the only game in town,” Davis says. “Certainly the only national organization and the one that was easiest to find information about.” Davis adds that, though other trans organizations existed at the time, they weren’t as large or well known—meaning some trans people had every reason to lie to get into Tri-Ess.

How To Be a Woman Though MaleBy the 1960s, Prince herself began living full-time as a woman, as she would continue to do until her death in 2009. She published a series of books, first The Transvestite and His Wife (1967) and then How To Be a Woman Though Male (1971), which doubled down on her opposition to gender-affirmation surgery. After Transvestia found some stability, Prince began bundling a selection of news about cross-dressing and gender identity in what she called her TV Clipsheet.

Even so, she kept her distance from trans people who opted for a surgical transition.

In 1959, Prince received a letter in the mail that would change her life. A pen pal sent her a photo of two women having sex with the caption “Me and You.” Prince replied with a detailed description of her own fantasies for the woman. Inspectors for the U.S. Postal Service, which at the time was actively prosecuting people who sent sexual content through the mail, flagged the letter. Weeks later, they showed up to the lab where Prince worked with an ultimatum: They wanted to charge her with obscenity, a federal crime, but they would drop it if she agreed to stop printing Transvestia. Prince refused. “She told him yes, she wrote that letter,” says Denny, who interviewed Prince in the 1990s. “They came back and arrested her in her place of business and led her out in handcuffs.”

Prince was charged with a felony. At trial in Los Angeles Superior Court in February 1961, Prince pled guilty to a smaller charge and was given five years of probation. Though prosecutors pressed to have the judge ban Transvestia altogether, Prince convinced the judge that the magazine wasn’t obscene.

“That gives me ambivalent feelings about her because, while she kept me out of the community for 10 years with her needlessly restrictive membership policies, she also took a big one for the community in not giving in to the postal authorities,” Denny says.

Prince, in that way, was a person of contradiction. Both her magazine and her organization made space for a more nuanced conversation about gender identity and presentation in the U.S. Prince stood up for people like her even when it meant facing the vicissitudes of the U.S. legal system, which was especially cruel to queer people. At the same time, Prince didn’t want to open up her new organization to a full spectrum of trans people.

“Virginia was the person who had a vision of expanding the community coast to coast, and indeed beyond,” Davis says, noting Prince’s influence in early trans groups in Europe.

Trans publications and zines didn’t explode in number until the 1980s and 1990s—until then, community members had to rely on only a miniscule subset of media to find others like them. Transvestia was usually the most prominent among them. That progress is more evident today, as trans people grace the cover of magazines like TIME and are the creators of TV shows like HBO’s Sort Of.

For all Transvestia’s flaws, “it brought so many people together,” Davis says. “It gave so many people the idea of, they’re not alone.” For Prince, too, it offered a path to embrace who she was. “In trying to help you, my readers, I have learned and grown myself,” she wrote in her farewell issue of Transvestia. After decades of activism, “I am now a whole person, completely self accepting and at ease.”

Out of Pain, a Way to Help

Out of Pain, a Way to Help

Kasey Taylor ’15

Suffering in silence with no hint or clue to the world, 21-year-old Will Taylor aka “Scooty” died by suicide in March of 2017, just a few months short of graduating from Santa Clara University.

Kasey, Will and Michael Taylor

Kasey, Will and Michael Taylor

For big sister Kasey Taylor ’15, the shock and pain were nearly unbearable. His death left her dumbfounded. A two-week leave of absence from her job at a Los Angeles art gallery was not enough time to process his death nor her complex emotions that ranged from grief to abandonment.

“He and I had been so close,” she says. “Even though I know he didn’t choose to leave anyone in his life, it was hard for me not to feel that way—to feel I had been left.”

In the months after her brother’s death, Taylor sought solace and connection with some of her longtime high school friends. Together, they shared their frustrations about the stigma surrounding mental health.

“To be openly honest, since the age of 16 I had been struggling with mental health issues of my own. I had always felt a lot of shame about that, and because of that shame, I didn’t want to talk to other people,” says Taylor. “What I had seen at work with Will’s situation were similar forces. He didn’t share with anyone that he was going through anything, how he was feeling—however he was feeling—I don’t know. His death came as a huge shock to his family and friends.”

If that shame weren’t so present, if Will had spoken to someone, perhaps things might have turned out differently, she can’t help but think.

Born in Santa Monica, Taylor is the oldest of three children. Will came two years later, and soon after the family moved to the Seattle area. Their youngest brother Michael was born when Taylor was 6.

“Growing up, with Will and I being so close in age, we spent a lot of time together,” she says. “We would play at the beach club; we did a lot of Rollerblading with the neighborhood children and during the winter did a lot of skiing.”

As a freshman in high school, Taylor met with some older students who were off to Pomona College and offered nothing but praise for the school, she says. “I knew I wanted to be challenged academically and I didn’t necessarily want to stay in Washington state. I was looking at liberal arts colleges in the sunshine, or where I could ski. When I visited Pomona, the campus blew me away. It was so beautiful and the people I interacted with were friendly, seemed generally upbeat with a laid-back attitude.”

At Pomona, Taylor did some intellectual exploring. Going in as an economics major, she took two econ courses right off the bat—and soon realized they were not a fit for her. She considered sociology and eventually landed in some media studies classes that resonated with her and led her to settle on the major. All the while as she tried on different majors, Taylor continued her minor in art, which served as a baseline to her then and to this day.

Yet even while she thrived academically, Taylor was dealing silently with an eating disorder. After calling Monsour Counseling and Psychological Services (MCAPS), the mental health resource for the seven Claremont Colleges, she was given an appointment with a date that was one week out, not unreasonable for a non-emergency appointment. But by the time her appointment rolled around, Taylor had already talked herself out of going.

Taylor tried once more during her time at Pomona, but the same scenario played out a year later. She got an appointment, but once again lost her resolve. “I told myself I could deal with my mental health issues on my own; I just needed to try harder,” she says.

The impetus to seek help was there, but the moment of willingness to can fade for any number of reasons, including such barriers as health insurance issues, finding an open appointment, or not wanting to be seen entering a building others recognize as a mental healthcare or counseling facility—the exact sort of stigma Taylor wants to erase.

Kasey Taylor ’15

After graduating, Taylor traveled for a few months before settling into her new job as an assistant director at an art gallery in Los Angeles. She’d been working there for more than a year and was living in Santa Monica when on a Saturday morning—March 4, 2017—she received the devastating news about Will.

After sharing her grief and frustrations with her friends, Taylor knew she wanted to do something to honor her brother’s memory. Thinking beyond a one-time fundraiser, she was searching for longer-term impact.

On March 4, 2018, one year after Will died, The Scooty Fund was founded in honor of Will Taylor by his sister and a friend, Tara Nielson. “Scooty,” as Will was called, had been known for his quickness up and down the basketball court during his time at Mercer Island High School.

In the beginning, The Scooty Fund focused on raising money for hands-on crisis resources such as those provided by Didi Hirsch Mental Health Services in Los Angeles, an organization that has operated free programs for suicide prevention, substance use disorders and other mental health issues since the 1940s. The Scooty Fund helped support the center’s training for teachers and administrators to learn how to better help young people going through mental health crises. In less than four years, The Scooty Fund has raised more than $260,000 and has expanded its funding to support research related to suicide among young people, beginning with a two-year University of Washington study that seeks to analyze different personality characteristics and environmental factors to determine their impact on suicide ideation and attempts in adolescence through early adulthood.

Tips for managing Sunday scaries


Be gentle with your self. You’re allowed to rest.

Take five minutes to make a to-do list for Monday.

Schedule something you look forward to during the week

Get outside for 15 minutes or do a physical activity that you enjoy

Remind yourself that the Sunday scaries/blues are normal

Social media has been a big focus from the start to reach The Scooty Fund’s target demographic: young people. Every Wednesday, The Scooty Fund Instagram account is “taken over” by a Wellness Warrior who shares their story about dealing with mental health in an open and transparent manner while also engaging in real-time with followers.

By partnering with other organizations, The Scooty Fund has also led panel presentation events for high school students as well as college and graduate students. Taylor shares her story in hopes that it resonates and connects with others suffering in silence.

“[The goal] is to help young adults better cope with issues, or better support their friends in crisis. To be better equipped to deal with mental health issues when they arise,” says Taylor, whose media studies background from Pomona College gave her the foundation to see how culture plays a huge part in how someone deals—or doesn’t deal—with mental health.

“My upbringing in Seattle included a pretty intense achievement pressure. I’ve spoken to researchers who study this, and it seems that achievement pressure is only increasing for children growing up now,” she says. “Getting into colleges is increasingly competitive and many parents are packing their children’s schedules so they have all the boxes checked. Social media adds to that pressure—we see our peers having ‘great lives’ and we compare that to our own lives and feel lacking.”

There’s no real break, she adds. When someone goes home, they are still inundated in their own rooms and their own spaces, often through social media. A relief from this pressure is imperative,  Taylor believes, and she says she senses some movement in the right direction.

“I’ve seen a shift toward speaking about mental health and wellness more often, but the onus is still on the individual who is suffering,” she says. “There’s a lot of verbiage like ‘go to therapy,’ ‘go for a walk.’ I think it’s important for people to engage in their own wellness but when clinical mental health issues are present, we need an emphasis on how [people close to them] can reach out to someone they are concerned about.”

Normalizing these topics of discussion and having more peer-to-peer conversations can create room for people who are struggling to ask for support, explains Taylor. “It creates a space to discuss the topic.”

But how do we change achievement culture? “Through educating people—young adults—about not just taking care of yourself but taking care of their peers and friends,” Taylor says.

The Scooty Fund counts on 30 volunteers to help run things behind the scenes. Both of the co-founders are working full-time jobs and also going to graduate school. Taylor, who lives in Sun Valley, Idaho, is an art advisor for a consulting firm—an interior designer who selects artwork for luxury hospitality projects and corporate buildings—and is working on her master’s degree in marriage and family therapy.

With a full social media team in place, The Scooty Fund’s Instagram account has grown, their Wellness Warrior take-overs are a hit, and the overall feedback is positive:

“Seriously though. Thank you. The page honestly saved me when I was at rock bottom about a month ago. What you started is honestly making such a major impact on so many people whether you see it or not. So thank you.”

With a new podcast, “Scoot with Kasey Taylor,” launched in September 2021, The Scooty Fund is now also sharing expertise from people working in different mental health spaces, including researchers, founders of organizations, journalists, coaches and others.

“I can’t say enough positive things about the volunteers in our organization. They are really the people  doing the work, and who are motivated to get these projects completed and out there,” Taylor says. The podcast has been a labor of love for all involved, with a team of eight spending countless hours to produce the first 12 episodes.

More is in the works for the future, including an app for young adults to journal their feelings day by day, with mental health educational content provided as well.

Over the past three years, Taylor has poured many hours into The Scooty Fund. As its president, she has led its growth and with her co-founder, brought together a strong team that is passionate about educating and connecting with young people to destigmatize mental health. Taylor hopes to see The Scooty Fund continue to grow and reach more young people, but she’d also like to take a step back from her leadership role. She plans to focus her energies on building a strong infrastructure that would allow The Scooty Fund to thrive as she shifts careers—she wants to practice therapy and bring mental health discussions into the workplace. The Scooty Fund’s slogan that “together there is a WILL and a WAY” is one she will always take to heart.

Connect with The Scooty FundConnect with The Scooty Fund

Instagram: @thescootyfund

Email: hello@scootyfund.org

The Scoot with Kasey Taylor Podcast is available on Apple Podcasts, iHeart Radio, Amazon, Spotify and wherever you listen to podcasts.

The Coop Reinvented

The Coop Reinvented

The Coop Fountain

As an alumna working at the College, students often ask me, “How has the campus changed since you were a student?” Without hesitation, I always answer, “The Coop Fountain is completely different.”

Smith Campus Center didn’t exist when I was a student (construction began the fall after I graduated); the Coop Fountain was a standalone building. If a contemporary of mine from 1993-97 were to return to campus for the first time today, the Fountain would be unrecognizable to them.

I started wondering, “What was the Coop Fountain like in the generations that came before me?” With the help of Sean Stanley, the College’s archivist, I discovered a long history of the Fountain reinventing itself every 10 to 20 years, in an effort to meet students’ evolving needs in a world that has changed despite the seemingly insular bubble of campus.

First, I needed to know, where does the name “The Coop” come from? Is it a reference to where Cecil Sagehen roosts? Sadly, it is not. The Coop finds its origins in the Student Cooperative Store, established during World War I as an army canteen for Pomona’s Student Army Training Corps. After the war, the Coop continued to sell merchandise and served as a place to rendezvous between classes and as a clearinghouse for used books.

In 1929, a student union building was proposed by both the administration and students, but the Depression put those plans on hold. By 1936, economic conditions were improving, and the desire and need for a building to house student activities and to serve as a social center were strong. The increased use of cars had led to a fragmentation of the college community as students traveled long distances to hotel and club ballrooms off campus for diversion. Many students at the College were involved in car accidents during this era of open cars. A student union containing a ballroom and gathering spaces seemed like a non-negotiable.

The first student union was erected in 1937. Enough funds were raised to build the main building and the west wing, and a soda fountain and sandwich facility were part of this new gathering space. The building was unnamed until 1948, at which point it was named Edmunds Union. “For most, however, the union would always be ‘the Coop,’” according to the book, Pomona College: Reflections on a Campus.

After World War II, in 1950, construction began on the east wing. The soda fountain and restaurant moved to this new addition, which provided larger facilities to serve 100 people. A covered patio was added, providing an outdoor dining area. During this era, students would roll a juke box onto the patio for Wednesday and Friday night dances, and the Fountain furnished the nickels to play the records. Men would play bridge at the Fountain, and shouts of “fourth for bridge?” were a common refrain.

“It was like our local soda fountain,” Louann Jensen ’55 says. “I would always go through there going to class to see who was there, see who was hanging out. It was the social center because the boys were in one campus up north and we were down south. We didn’t see boys except in classes, so it was a place to intermix.” She adds, “I had one friend who worked there, and I always envied her for working there.”

By the late ’60s, however, the facilities were deemed “unsatisfactory for today’s concerned generation” by a committee appointed to work on the improvement of the student union. While the building served the needs and interests of students in the ’40s and ’50s who were “more interested in dances and intercollegiate activities,” a press release stated, “students today are more involved in social and academic issues.”

The renovations to the student union, completed in 1970, enlarged the Fountain considerably once again and included an outdoor deck facing Stover Walk to the south instead of College Way. A game room with Ping-Pong and pool tables was added just off the restaurant. A full-time manager was brought on to supervise the Fountain, to hire and train student workers and to purchase food. Hours were extended, with the Fountain open from 9 a.m. to midnight Monday through Friday, 4 p.m. to midnight on Saturday, and, for the first time, on Sunday too.

Hopes were high to “reestablish the Coop as the center of campus activity, not only recreational but intellectual as well,” a letter from the committee to faculty and staff proclaimed. The Fountain had lost much of its popularity during remodeling and in competition with The Hub at Claremont McKenna College. To bring back business, the service would be faster at peak periods and the menu would be more appealing, including healthier foods such as a hamburger that was entirely “vegetable-derived.”

1979, The Student Life published an article with the headline, “Is the Coop Alive?”Apparently, those hopes weren’t realized. In 1979, The Student Life published an article with the headline, “Is the Coop Alive?” According to the article, three years prior, “people didn’t know about the place,” “the empty tables required a wipe down about once every three weeks” and it was “soundless as a catacomb sanctuary.”

The Fountain had been run by an outside food service contractor, but in 1976 two students struck a deal to take it over. They brought in pinball machines and video games, dimmed the lights and cranked up the music. They expanded the menu to include more grill items, and the Fountain staff thought up new ideas for a wide variety of shakes. The Fountain had “become a social center, a recreation area, and a superior restaurant” according to Dave Bennett ’80, a student manager, in the TSL article. “Students have a better idea of what students want. They order things that will sell,” according to the staff manager of the student union in another TSL article published in 1980.

The Coop’s courtyard restaurant offered table service, pictured here in 1983

The Coop’s courtyard restaurant offered table service, pictured here in 1983

The attitude of innovation continued during this era of student management. During the ’80s, the Fountain opened The Courtyard Restaurant, with waitstaff and a limited menu, for lunch and dinner. The staff also experimented with iced coffee, brewing it in the morning and combining it with ice cream to create the Coop’s famous coffee shakes. Lian Dolan ’87, who worked at the Fountain from 1983-86, says, “We started buying gourmet coffees. We’d make super strong coffee in the morning and then pour it over ice. We cared deeply about the coffee.” Through the ’80s and ’90s, popular menu items as recalled by alumni were shakes, curly fries, mozzarella sticks and quesadillas loaded with lettuce, tomatoes, sprouts and salsa.

While I was a student, one could use two meal swipes each week at the Fountain. The two I relied on were the grilled turkey sandwich meal, which included a side of chips and salsa, and the “meal” of curly fries and a shake. My go-to shake was the Orange Caesar, a riff on the Orange Julius, made with vanilla ice cream and orange juice.

The ever-changing menu displays favorites of another era, including the Orange Caesar shake

The ever-changing menu displays favorites of another era, including the Orange Caesar shake

Physically, the Fountain was “grungy” and “dingy,” according to people who were around during that time. I couldn’t quite remember what it looked like and failed to turn up any photos from those pre-cellphone days, but fortuitously Chris McCamic ’97 had filmed a movie for his senior project, calling it Tales from the Coop. His campy horror film provided a time capsule of the final days of the Fountain. Indeed, the space was a bit run-down and in need of updating.

In the fall of 1997, the existing student center was demolished; all that was spared was the ballroom. When President Peter Stanley arrived in 1991, he had professed his desire for a new center which would bring together the entire college community. No longer would it be a student union; the new building would be the Smith Campus Center, serving students, faculty, administrators and staff.

Two years later, the Coop Fountain took on a shiny new form with chic metal café tables inside the looming campus center. As different as it was in appearance, however, it retained largely the same menu of burgers, sandwiches, fries and shakes. It turned out, though, that students weren’t inhabiting the new campus center. So, seven years after its completion, the building—and the Fountain—got a facelift to the tune of $9.7 million. The Coop Fountain was furnished with booths and sofas, and its white walls were painted red. The game room, which had been placed upstairs, rejoined the restaurant downstairs. An additional room with glass doors was added to the Fountain, doubling its size and connecting it to Sixth Street via a north patio.

Since its founding, the Fountain had been financed by student funds, but it almost never turned a profit. At best, the Coop Store would make enough profit to cover the restaurant’s deficit. Over the last decade, the combined shortfall from the Fountain and Store hovered around $100,000 each year, according to Associate Dean of Student Life Ellie Ash-Balá, who oversees the Student Senate as the director of the Smith Campus Center. Faced with losses that cut into the ability to fund clubs and other activities, the Student Senate made the difficult decision in Spring 2021 to turn the Fountain over to dining services.

The Coop food

Beginning this fall, the Coop Fountain has once again been reinvented. While there are still burgers, curly fries and shakes on the menu, options have been updated to include items such as a Middle Eastern sweet potato wrap, vegan Korean fried chicken and a chopped-salmon sesame noodle salad.

the Coop Fountain students

Students still have the opportunity to work at the Fountain, alongside dining services staff. Faith Henderson ’25, a first-year student, enjoys meeting people as she takes orders as well as engaging with the campus dining workers. Fredrick Omondi ’25 loves the social aspects of working there—meeting people, interacting with the chefs and fellow student workers—as well as the satisfaction of serving people. He especially appreciates being able to choose his own hours. Additionally, a Coop Committee has formed to give student input on the Fountain and to “maintain the service, culture and traditions associated with the Coop Fountain,” according to Adeena Liang ’23, who served as vice president of finance for the Associated Students of Pomona College (ASPC) during the 2020-21 academic year and continues to serve in that role this year.

One Monday afternoon, I ventured over to the Coop Fountain to try a shake to see how it compared to the ones I remembered. It turned out I didn’t really remember what the old shakes tasted like. In my mind, they had been sublime, but without really remembering, I decided to enjoy the strawberry shake for what it was.

The Fountain now serves strawberry, chocolate and vanilla shakes, but no more Orange Caesars.

The Fountain now serves strawberry, chocolate and vanilla shakes, but no more Orange Caesars.

The Coop Fountain Over the Years

Teamwork: Make Room in the Trophy Case

From left: "Super Seniors" Kellan Grant, Keegan Coleman, Dylan Elliott, Adam Gross and Noah Sasaki.

Cross Country Repeats as NCAA Champions

Cross Country Repeats as NCAA Champions

The sophomores on Pomona-Pitzer’s men’s cross country team were fired up for a repeat national championship last November—even though they weren’t on the Sagehens team that won the 2019 NCAA Division III title.

“When we got to the course, I remember Derek Fearon was like, ‘We can win this,’” says Ethan Widlansky ’22, who led the team to the 2019 title with a seventh-place national finish. “I was like, ‘It’s hard. It’s going to be tough.’ But they had that confidence and vision. And I think that was the energy that me, Dante [Paszkeicz] and Paul [McKinley] needed—the old guard, the skeptics.”

As it turned out, the rookies led the way to the 2021 NCAA title, the second in a row for Pomona-Pitzer after what amounted to a gap year for the Division III championships because of the pandemic. The sophomores spent their first year of college studying online as the 2020 season was canceled.

Colin Kirkpatrick ’24

Colin Kirkpatrick ’24 (No. 209) led the way for Pomona-Pitzer, taking 10th in a time of 24:01.8.

Colin Kirkpatrick ’24 led the way to the 2021 title with a 10th-place finish in a time of 24:01.8. Fearon ’24 was 12th in 24:02.5 and Lucas Florsheim ’24 was 14th in 24:04.9. Widlanksy, Dante Paszkeicz ’22 and Paul McKinley ’22 finished 24th, 30th and 31st as six Sagehens earned All-American honors with top-40 finishes in the eight-kilometer race in Louisville, Kentucky.

Kirkpatrick and Fearon, despite their excitement, didn’t go in feeling their best after cold symptoms set in on the flight to Kentucky.

“We were starting to cough but we had just tested so we knew it wasn’t COVID,” Kirkpatrick says. “But we were roommates and we knew whatever one of us had, we had given to the other. I think that almost gave a couple of us a little bit of an edge, like, ‘Hey, I might be a little bit sick, so there’s really not a whole lot to lose. So as we got into that last mile, all of the normal concerns of trying to preserve ourselves, those weren’t really there.”

It was a victory that stamped Pomona-Pitzer as a cross country power, even after losing 2019 National Coach of the Year Jordan Carpenter to a Division I associate coaching job at Boston University before the season. Kyle Flores, previously Carpenter’s assistant, took over the head coaching duties. After the title, he was selected national coach of the year too.

“It was an amazing day for our program,” Flores says.

Widlansky says race officials even learned to pronounce and spell the team’s name after spelling it Pamona in 2019, and at times leaving off Pitzer. Now the stage is set for more. The sophomores will be back, and Widlansky took a gap semester during the year of online instruction to return next fall for one more cross country season—and a chance at a three-peat.

Water Polo Wins its 1st National Title

Water Polo Wins its 1st National Title

The pandemic stole the senior seasons of six players on the Pomona-Pitzer men’s water polo team during the 2020-21 academic year—a season they thought could have ended in a USA Water Polo Division III National Championship. One by one, five of them decided they wanted that year back, taking advantage of an NCAA ruling allowing athletes to return for an extra season of eligibility.

Those five “super seniors” got what they were after in early December, winning the USA Water Polo Division III Water Polo Championship in front of a rollicking overflow crowd at Pomona’s Haldeman Pool. Even better, the tournament final was against Claremont-Mudd-Scripps, making it a Sixth Street Rivalry meeting like no other.

Noah Sasaki ’21 spoke for the other December graduates after the game, players who had taken gap semesters to return for a final season.

“Very, very worth it. Worth every single second.”

The Div. III water polo national championship isn’t an NCAA title because college sports’ governing body sponsors only a single-division title in water polo, meaning that the qualifying teams from Div. III used to end up opening-round losers to Div. I powerhouses. But in 2019, USA Water Polo stepped in to sponsor a Div. III title to offer meaningful postseason competition at the non-scholarship level.

Pomona-Pitzer and CMS, the top-two ranked teams in Division III, met in the final. After winning, the Sagehens were ranked No. 16 among all college teams by the Collegiate Water Polo Assn. in a poll led by the California Golden Bears, the NCAA Div. I champions.

Goalkeeper Kellan Grant ’21, who made 17 saves in the Sagehens’ heart-pounding 13-12 overtime victory for the championship, was chosen the Div. III national player of the year by the Assn. of Collegiate Water Polo Coaches. Pomona-Pitzer’s Alex Rodriguez was named coach of the year and five other Sagehens were All-Americans, including first-team selections Dylan Elliott ’21, Noah Sasaki ’21 and Sam Sasaki ’22. It was a quite a year for the Sasakis, whose brother Ben Sasaki ’22 scored the title-clinching overtime goal after recording a hat trick in regulation.

The brothers combined for nine goals in the 13-12 victory. Ben scored four, Sam three and Noah two, making Jennifer and Russell Sasaki MVPs: Most Valuable Parents.

Without the decision by the super seniors to return, the championship probably wouldn’t have happened. Grant decided to come back first, and the others followed.

“I think all of us had a desire to,” says Elliott, the SCIAC offensive player of the year for a team that swept the regular season and tournament titles without a conference loss. “Once we realized that we all had a shared desire, it made the decision a lot easier.”

From left: "Super Seniors" Kellan Grant, Keegan Coleman, Dylan Elliott, Adam Gross and Noah Sasaki.

From left: “Super Seniors” Kellan Grant, Keegan Coleman, Dylan Elliott, Adam Gross and Noah Sasaki.

How to Become Pomona’s CIO

How to Become Pomona’s CIO

Chief Information Officer is a C-suite job that didn’t exist until the 1980s, when the term was coined by business experts in recognition of the extraordinary growth of the role of computer technology. That means there wasn’t much of an established career path until more recently—and José C. Rodriguez, Pomona’s new vice president and CIO, took the scenic route in a journey that embraces the liberal arts.

ants

José C. Rodriguez1. Grow up in New York City and develop an unexpected appreciation of bugs—and not the computer programming type. “Even as a child, I just loved being outside. I loved turning over rocks,” says Rodriguez, who has a deep affection not only for insects but also for animals and the outdoors.

2. Earn a bachelor’s degree in entomology from the University of Georgia and move cross-country for a master’s at Washington State. Get to know Western bugs like the bombardier beetle, which shoots a noxious spray from its lower abdomen when disturbed.

3. Take a job in a molecular biology lab at Emory University, working on mosquito transmission of malaria. Encouraged by a principal investigator with large amounts of data to analyze, take courses in database management and data programming. Launch your new tech career as an IT support specialist and manager at the university.

4. Learn Arabic on the side during a 10-year role as director of technology for Emory’s new language center as it transforms traditional teaching methods with a multimedia approach. Travel to Italy with a professor to film cultural scenes, art and architecture for new digital learning content.

5. Move to Emory’s Candler School of Theology and become a very early adopter of Zoom, around 2015. Introduce streaming weekly chapel services and co-develop an online program that lets pastors work toward doctor of ministry degrees while still serving their congregations.

6. Begin to see technology with new eyes. “I really started to think more broadly about what an institution does and what it needs from technology, not just support of technology,” Rodriguez says.

7. Move to Memphis in 2018 to become CIO at Rhodes College, joining an institution’s top leadership group for the first time. Help shape the pandemic response and lead the pivot to online learning.

8. Continue to embrace online communication for its less obvious benefits. “We take in-person for granted. There’s a group of society that can’t be in person or doesn’t function easily that way,” Rodriguez says. “I think it’s important to remind ourselves that this is about accessibility as well as about an emergency response.”

9. Join Pomona and the 7CIOs, a rare community of campus technology leaders with opportunities to innovate together. “I would love to just express how happy I am to be here as part of the Pomona and Claremont Colleges community and I want to do everything in my power to improve on the teaching and learning of the schools. I’m very approachable. If people want to reach out, I am available to chat.”

10. Back to the bugs. There’s one insect common in the South that Rodriguez won’t miss. “Mosquitoes,” he says. “Someone was telling me you won’t have a lot of mosquitoes in California. I said, ‘Well that is fine with me.’”

ants

Our Bird’s Beginnings

An original graphic story about the origins of Pomona College's mascot, Cecil the Sagehen. Link to full script available below. An original graphic story about the origins of Pomona College's mascot, Cecil the Sagehen. Link to full script available below. An original graphic story about the origins of Pomona College's mascot, Cecil the Sagehen. Link to full script available below. An original graphic story about the origins of Pomona College's mascot, Cecil the Sagehen. Link to full script available below.

Full transcript available here.

How to Move a Museum

How to Move a Museum
Workers survey the 30-foot sculpture ghandiG by Peter Shelton '73 at the museum's former location before moving it by crane across College Avenue to its new home.

Workers survey the 30-foot sculpture ghandiG by Peter Shelton ’73 at the museum’s former location before moving it by crane across College Avenue to its new home.

Drivers who regularly ventured past the Pomona College campus in the early mornings of October and November 2019 likely witnessed a strange ritual at the intersection of Bonita and College avenues.

Day after day, a procession of student interns crossed the street, slowly rolling stainless-steel restaurant-style carts loaded with slate-gray boxes tied down with brightly colored bungees. Motorists waited as the parade carefully bypassed the myriad yellow warning bumps near the curbs. Reaching the other side, the interns gently maneuvered the carts up to the sidewalk and then onto the ramp of the newly completed Benton Museum of Art at Pomona College.

The museum collection was arriving at its new home. Finally.

For many people, the words “Moving Day” trigger fear and apprehension from beginning to end: the monumental chaos of sorting and packing items, the crucial task of hiring a trustworthy moving team and the suspense mixed with dread of opening boxes at the new location, hoping for minimal damage. But for the staff at the Benton, “Moving Day” was a welcomed phrase for a transition that was long overdue and took nearly two years to complete.

Intern Emily Petro '21 sorts and labels arrowheads from the Native American Collection.

Intern Emily Petro ’21 sorts and labels arrowheads from the Native American Collection.

When news of the 2017 groundbreaking for the spacious new $44 million state-of-the-art museum at the southwest corner of Bonita and College was announced, there was a cheer of relief that all objects in the museum collection would be under one roof at last. For more than 10 years, as many as 13,000 objects in the growing collection had been spread out in three satellite venues: Montgomery Art Gallery, Rembrandt Hall and Bridges Auditorium. The Native American Collection, first assembled around the turn of the 20th century, occupied various locations—among them the basement of the humanities building at Scripps College, then Sumner Hall, and in 2011 the lower level of Bridges.

Celebration quickly dissolved into the electric hum of brainpower as staff began to strategize. Here was a chance to do an up-to-date inventory of every collection item before safely packing and transporting objects as diverse as Andy Warhol Polaroids, Goya etchings, alabaster bas-relief sculptures, large abstract paintings, beaded Sioux leggings and contemporary art by Pomona alumni, including Helen Pashgian ’56 and Chris Burden ’69.

Such an inventory had never been done before.

Workmen prepare to move ghandiG by Peter Shelton

Workmen prepare to move ghandiG by Peter Shelton

“I had been warned by colleagues that moving a collection is the single most difficult and yet rewarding task a registrar could ever undertake,” says Steve Comba, associate director/registrar at the Benton—who already had twice overseen moves of the Native American Collection.

Workmen prepare to move ghandiG by Peter SheltonObjects didn’t have to travel physically far—all satellite locations were blocks or buildings away—but that didn’t make the task less daunting. Handling objects at any step of the process is always a risk, says Comba. “There’s always the possibility of human error. We wanted to do this right. We had to take our time.”

Workmen prepare to move ghandiG by Peter SheltonComba brought on board independent collections manager Karen Hudson, who assumed duties as move coordinator/registrar. “Before you move anything, you need to know what you have,” she says about the time-consuming and labor-intensive process of creating the inventory. “You start by opening up every box, in every storage room and in every building. I had my eye on every single object in the collection.”

Going through hanging racks, cabinetry and Solander storage boxes one by one for almost a year, Hudson compared each item to its own unique catalog number, cross-checked the database and updated all pertinent information. She noted items with missing numbers, objects that had been numbered incorrectly and other discrepancies.

“You don’t want to move problems,” sums up Hudson. “You solve them first before you pack them up.”

As with any move, surprises were uncovered. For years Comba thought that a rare Sioux ceremonial rattle had been lost; he was thrilled when the beautifully quillworked and beaded treasure was discovered during the inventory. Another surprise: The museum’s collection grew from 11,000 objects pre-inventory to nearly 13,000 in late 2018. (Note: Because of additional gifts to the collection since 2018, that number is now officially 16,000.)

The first museum piece arrived at its new home in spring of 2019.

In the early morning of March 22, spectators watched a 30-foot-tall bronze sculpture dangle from a hoist and crane that was inching its way down College Avenue. No trees or overhead wires blocked the transit. Under a blue sky, there was just a steady progression forward: ghandiG was on the move.

Purchased by the college in 2006, the ethereal sculpture by Pomona alumnus Peter Shelton ’73 was making its way to a new home amid the landscape of the Benton, which was still a work in progress at the time.

Moving ghandiG involved crews severing the sculpture’s support cabling system at the old location, transporting the artwork two blocks and then installing it—with new cabling—at the prominent corner. Shelton was consulted about the proper orientation for his sculpture, which now welcomes visitors to the museum in a striking way.

While ghandiG was officially the first piece of art to be moved to the Benton, it would be months before the rest of the collection joined the sculpture at the new location. Transporting those other items was far less dramatic—but there were still some heart-pounding moments.

The process involved the meticulous packing of hundreds of paintings, pottery works, photos and more. Comba, Hudson and a third member of the museum staff were joined by a team of interns Hudson described as invaluable. “We needed their help, their youthful stamina and enthusiasm,” she says. Comba goes further, calling them “rock stars.” He adds that the collection-moving interns weren’t all art history majors. “We had conservation majors from Scripps College and athletes from Pomona,” he says. “They each brought their own skills to the project.”

Steve Comba, associate director/registrar at the BentonThe museum could have hired an expensive professional art-moving company for the entire job, but since the Benton is a teaching museum with a robust internship program, the collection move presented an exceptional chance for hands-on, behind-the-scenes, roll-up-your-sleeves learning. Twelve interns—among them Pomona students Nina Mueller ’19, Ethan Dieck ’22, Jem Stern ’22, Quin Fraley ’22, Katherine Purev ’23 and Emily Petro ’21—stepped up for a challenge that lasted from April 2019 to March 2020.

The Native American collection was the first to be physically moved; it was the farthest from the new museum (although still only a few blocks away) and had many delicate objects. Comba also wanted to restart that collection’s educational outreach program for third graders, which had been suspended because of the move, as soon as possible. Interns assisted the staff with packing, wrapping and sealing boxes in the basement of Bridges; later the team hand-carried them up by elevator and then carefully loaded and unloaded them in and out of the museum van. Moving the Native American collection took about three months—and countless van rides—to complete.

Hudson made sure that interns knew the protocols of proper object handling, dispelling the myth that the only way to touch museum items is with white cotton gloves. “The cotton fibers of a white glove can snag loose ends of baskets. If you are handling anything fibrous, it could be a disaster,” she says. Nitrile gloves are typically used to handle photographs and prints (they leave no fingerprints), but experts don’t wear them when picking up smooth objects like vases (too slick). Overall, the growing professional consensus is that clean bare hands provide a better and more secure grip, especially when picking up organic items made of stone or bone, such as arrowheads.

Fraley, one of the interns, used her bare hands to check and pack 450 Chinese snuff bottles from the Qing Dynasty, one of her many special assignments. A history major, Fraley recalls getting into a rhythm as she handled the ornate bottles, which ranged in size from 2 to 4 inches. Using poly foam batting, Fraley gently wrapped and nestled the bottles into their drawer-like cubbies encased in pre-cut Ethafoam, a brand of foam often used for artifact storage. As she worked, Fraley examined the intricate details of these ancient mini works of art. “The artist used a fine paintbrush and painted the insides of the bottles,” she says. “It was so special to be able to handle and observe these up close.”

Some heavy or incredibly fragile items, such as Italian Renaissance panel paintings from the Kress Collection, were handled by professional fine art movers.

Some heavy or incredibly fragile items, such as Italian Renaissance panel paintings from the Kress Collection, were handled by professional fine art movers.

Comba lost track of how much poly foam was used to securely wrap objects. “It was everywhere,” he says of the material that is firm enough to cushion delicate objects but soft enough not to put unwanted pressure on certain structural elements, like the spout of a teakettle. “You want everything to have a soft landing at every step of the way,” he says.

Items were transported three ways. Heavy and incredibly fragile pieces—like the Kress Collection’s Italian Renaissance panel paintings, a 19th-century marble bust and a Sam Maloof walnut music stand—were given to a professional art-moving company that spent only two days on campus. Most objects, however, were moved using campus vans. Lightweight ones—such as photos, prints, scrolls and manuscripts—were walked over in rolling restaurant-style carts. “It was a huge responsibility, and it was nerve-racking,” Fraley says of those early-morning expeditions. “We just took our time, but I’ll tell you, that short walk never felt so long.”

Days after the last objects were moved to the Benton on March 3, 2020, the pandemic hit. Interns were sent home, which left staffers the final task of checking in and storing those remaining items in their new homes. “We didn’t have a time pressure to finish the job,” admits Comba. “You could call that a pandemic benefit.”

As far as Comba has seen, no item sustained any damage from the moving process, marking this move a huge success.

Now, months after the entire collection has officially settled into its new digs, the reverberations from the relocation still echo for those on the moving team, especially Fraley. “This really opened my eyes to the depth of the moving process and the specialness of this collection,” she says. “Because of this experience, I will never look at any museum the same way ever again.”


Benton Museum of Art at Pomona ColleThe long-awaited Benton Museum of Art at Pomona College opened to the public in May 2021 with reservation-based visits after the planned 2020 opening was delayed by the pandemic.

Named in recognition of a $15 million gift from Janet Inskeep Benton ’79, a longtime supporter of the arts and a member of the Pomona College Board of Trustees, the 33,000-square-foot museum provides not only space for the public enjoyment of art but also serves as a teaching museum and a new gathering spot on campus.

The public community celebration planned for November 13 will be preceded by an opening reception and artist talk with Sadie Barnette on November 6 as part of Sadie Barnette: Legacy & Legend. On November 11, the Benton will feature guest curator Karen Kice and graphic designer Amir Berbić as part of Sahara: Acts of Memory. Throughout the fall, the $44 million facility designed by Machado Silvetti Associates and Gensler will host events for the campus community in the museum’s courtyard and striking glass-walled interior spaces.

American Crossroads

Fox Theatre

Fox TheatreAs an inquisitive girl growing up in the city of Pomona, Genevieve Carpio ’05 learned about her world while riding around town with her family. The adults in her life were happy to converse with their captive passenger, especially one so unusually attentive for her age.

With her grandfather behind the wheel of his Chevy pickup, the girl soaked up tales of Carpio family history as poor migrant farmworkers who fled the Mexican Revolution and soon settled in Pomona’s historic barrio. And while cruising Claremont with her mother in the family car, she got a glimpse of her academic future.

The college town was close to the North Pomona home of the Carpios, one of the first Latino families to buy property in a formerly red-lined neighborhood, once reserved by contract for whites. Their abode was now Claremont-adjacent, just a short drive north on Indian Hill Boulevard, which seemed like an artery to another life.

“For fun, my mom enjoyed driving around Claremont and looking at the houses and we would say, ‘Which house do you want to live in? Oh, I want to live in that house. No, I want to live in that house.’ And then she would take us around the colleges, just to look at them.”

But Grace Carpio, a stay-at-home mom who hails from Puerto Rico, was not just sightseeing. She was planting a seed. “That’s where you’re going to go to college when you grow up,” she would say with certainty.

“No, I’m not,” young Carpio would snap back. “I’m going far away.”

Time proved her mother right. And time also taught Carpio an important lesson about the meaning of success and the value of uncovering untold histories in her own backyard.

“For me, having grown up in a very working-class community, success always meant getting as far away as possible,” says Carpio, who did research in Brazil and Argentina as an undergraduate. “In anthropology, it seemed to me there was this idea that you go to these places very far away to study something new and translate it according to these anthropological frameworks. But it was really being in Brazil where I noticed that, as a person who wasn’t Brazilian, there was a lot I had left to learn about interpreting these cultures.”

During her South American stay, coincidentally, Carpio was reading a book exploring the history of race and labor in the citrus industry of Southern California written by historian Matt Garcia, who holds a doctorate from what is now Claremont Graduate University.

From her vantage point in the Southern Hemisphere, Carpio experienced a paradigm shift that would send her career in a new direction.

“It opened this window into being able to do work in the communities that you come from,” says Carpio, now an associate professor in UCLA’s César E. Chávez Department of Chicana/o and Central American Studies. “It showed me it was possible to be able to write about home in a way I had never considered before.”

Genevieve Carpio ’05, husband Eric Gonzalez and son Elliot. Their daughter was born in September.

Genevieve Carpio ’05, husband Eric Gonzalez and son Elliot. Their daughter was born in September.

The past summer was an eventful one for Carpio and her family—husband Eric Gonzalez and their rambunctious 3-year-old boy Elliot. They moved into a new faculty apartment on the UCLA campus, making room for the arrival of their second child, Amelia, born on Labor Day.

If her schedule was harried, Carpio didn’t show it when she met for an interview in a shaded picnic area outside her office. At 38, she looks young enough to pass for one of her own graduate students. She’s relaxed and down-to-earth, yet also dignified. Despite sitting on a hard bench for an hour, Carpio barely shifts position, reflecting an inner discipline that was apparent to her parents from childhood.

Her rise through academia has been steady and strategically planned. She went straight up the academic ladder: B.A. in anthropology from Pomona (2005), M.A. in urban planning from UCLA (2007), doctorate in American studies and ethnicity from USC (2013), and finally a postdoctoral fellowship in ethnicity, race and migration at Yale (2015).

And on July 1, she earned tenure at UCLA, a status that brings professional privilege and private relief. She had dreaded the instability of the untenured, with the prospect of losing her job and being forced back on the “super mobile” college job market that could have landed her anywhere in the country.

Carpio is certain that her tenure bid was boosted by the publication of her well-written and well-received book—Collisions at the Crossroads: How Place and Mobility Make Race (University of California Press, 2019).

Thus, ironically, her work on mobility helped ensure that she could stay put.

“I feel like I’m at this really exciting crossroads,” she says, using a term for intersection that figures prominently in her life and work.

UCLA courses taught by Prof. Genevieve Carpio include Race and the Digital Divide and Barrio Suburbanism.

UCLA courses taught by Prof. Genevieve Carpio include Race and the Digital Divide and Barrio Suburbanism.

Collisions at the Crossroads: How Place and Mobility Make RaceIn the book, Carpio’s first, she examines the history of the Inland Empire through the lens of mobility—the freedom of movement, granted or denied to various racial groups. She focuses on specific policies used to control not just mass immigration, but also the “everyday mobilities” of marginalized, non-white populations.

Those policies included bicycle ordinances enforced disproportionately against Japanese workers; laws against joyriding that sent many Mexican youth to reform schools; the forced confinement of Native Americans at federal Indian boarding schools; and laundry laws aimed at driving single Chinese men out of downtown Riverside by banning them from washing their clothing outdoors.

Carpio’s book is part of the publisher’s American Crossroads series launched some 25 years ago, and it perfectly meets the original mission, says series co-founder George Sanchez, a USC professor of American studies, ethnicity and history, who served as Carpio’s doctoral dissertation advisor.

“We were going to go after books that made a difference in the field, that we thought were breaking new ground,” Sanchez explained during a presentation at UCLA’s Chicano Studies Resource Center shortly after the book’s publication. “Gena’s book fits this beautifully. … She shows things that were invisible to other scholars.”

Invisible, yes, but partly because other scholars weren’t looking. The Inland Empire is quasi-virgin territory for serious academic investigation, Carpio says. The academic neglect has the effect of silencing the voices of migrant workers and communities of color, overlooking the very people who helped build the citrus industry for which the Inland Empire is historically renowned. And by default, it allows this historical vacuum to be filled by the self-promoting origin myth of white settlers who colonized the area in the late 1800s—as if history began with them.

Riverside’s Washington Restaurant, established in 1910 and named for the first U.S. president, was operated by the Harada family, Japanese Americans who were later forcibly relocated during World War II. (Courtesy of the Museum of Riverside, Riverside, California and the Harada Family Archival Collection)

Riverside’s Washington Restaurant, established in 1910 and named for the first U.S. president, was operated by the Harada family, Japanese Americans who were later forcibly relocated during World War II. (Courtesy of the Museum of Riverside, Riverside, California and the Harada Family Archival Collection)

Carpio’s research began more than 10 years ago as part of her doctoral dissertation. At the time, it wasn’t history that drew her attention to modern conflicts over mobility. It was current affairs.

In the early 1990s, San Bernardino authorities had banned lowriders from a city festival celebrating the fabled Route 66, even though Chicano car culture had flourished on the thoroughfare which traversed the city’s historic Mt. Vernon barrio.

lowriders“It was so wrong,” Carpio says. “I really wanted to understand what it meant, and why it bothered me so much.”

She was also incensed by the proliferation of sobriety checkpoints in heavily Latino neighborhoods. In the guise of public safety, the checkpoints worked as immigration traps for undocumented drivers, caught on their way to work or to drop their kids at soccer practice. This “hyper-policing” turned the streets into “minefields,” she says, and infused fear into everyday trips.

Carpio’s outrage led her to join protests organized in 2008 by the Pomona Habla Coalition. She and fellow demonstrators would stand at street corners with signs warning motorists of checkpoints ahead.

Such restrictions on mobility, she realized, “send powerful messages about who belongs and who doesn’t belong.”

Carpio showed an early commitment “to fostering authentic, non-hierarchical relationships between college and community,” says Pomona Prof. Gilda Ochoa, the advisor on Carpio’s senior thesis, White Hoods and Welcome Baskets: The Forming of a Mexican Barrio in Pomona 1920-1940. “Before there was the Draper Center (for Community Partnerships), Genevieve and I were on campus task forces together working to enhance community partnerships,” says Ochoa, a professor of Chicana/o-Latina/o studies. “I was lucky to learn from her. A few years after she graduated, she even recruited me to join her on the Historical Society of Pomona Valley.”

Carpio spent a decade of dogged digging through the dusty, musty files of such historical societies and other public history sources. She rummaged through library basements, scoured forgotten public records, explored local museums and perused private family photo collections. Moreover, she sought out those quirky, unheralded folks who make local history their life’s mission.

She refers to that disparate pool of primary sources as “the rebel archives,” a term coined by historian Kelly Lytle-Hernández, the bedrock for constructing a “subversive history” of the Inland Empire. She proudly points out the hefty 70-page notes section at the back of the book, where she documents the oft-neglected archival sources she unearthed.

“I wanted to create a bit of a trail so that those who were coming after me would have this place to start, would have this map of the various resources in the region.”

Vincent Carpio Sr. was a field laborer before joining the U.S. military. He urged his granddaughter to pursue an education.

Vincent Carpio Sr. was a field laborer before joining the U.S. military. He urged his granddaughter to pursue an education.

Carpio likes to say she was raised in the borderlands, the area where eastern Los Angeles County, specifically Pomona and Claremont, meets the counties of San Bernardino and Riverside. From there, the path to success led due west to the big city, at least for ambitious students like her. Nobody thought of looking east to the vast open spaces of the Inland Empire, which she considered an intellectual wasteland at the time.

Two uncles on Carpio’s mother’s side, Osvaldo and Nonato Garcia, also served their country.

Two uncles on Carpio’s mother’s side, Osvaldo and Nonato Garcia, also served their country.

Once again, it took distance for her to grasp the importance of her own backyard as a fertile territory for academic study. During her postdoc at Yale, Carpio spent two years writing and thinking about issues back home. So there she was, ensconced behind Ivy League walls almost 3,000 miles away, in a program that required “direct engagement with the cultures, structures, and peoples” that were the subject of her studies.

And it dawned on her that this history was her story.

“It’s the story of my family.”

Genevieve Tañia Carpio is a fourth-generation American, a great-granddaughter of Mexican immigrants Frank and Margaret Carpio from San Francisco del Rincón, Guanajuato, who came to this country in 1916 at the height of the Mexican Revolution. Four years after their arrival, they welcomed their first U.S.-born son, Vincent Victor Carpio—Genevieve’s grandfather.

Little Vincent’s mother, who had married at 16, could not read or write, according to the 1930 census, which also identified his father as a “picker” working in the “citrus fruit” industry. By then, the family—including 10-year-old Vincent’s four adult siblings—lived on West 12th Street in the heart of the old Pomona barrio. During the ensuing Depression, the Carpio family would head north in their horse-drawn covered wagon to work the fertile fields around Fresno.

Vincent grew up in his father’s footsteps, dropping out after sixth grade to follow the migrant trail. His aborted schooling would later motivate him to stress the value of education for his son, Vincent Victor Carpio Jr., and his granddaughter, known as Gena, the girl who would listen to his family stories in the car.

Interestingly, official records underscore the theory that race is malleable: Vincent Sr. was identified as Mexican in the 1930 census, but 13 years later the U.S. Army drafted him as white. During his 17 months of service, Pvt. Carpio saw action on D-Day and at the Battle of the Bulge. He was seriously injured by an artillery blast, spent five months in a military hospital and was sent home with a Purple Heart and Bronze Star for bravery.

Back in Pomona, the veteran struggled to find work. He repeatedly tried to get a job with the city’s public works crew and was finally hired one day, only to find the job was “no longer available” when he reported in person. His name must have sounded Italian on the phone, his family reckons, but his appearance was unmistakably indigenously Mexican. Undeterred, the Carpio patriarch pushed his way onto the payroll, promising to work a week for free to prove himself. He wound up working for the City of Pomona for more than 20 years.

Carpio’s grandfather died on his 92nd birthday in 2012, living long enough to see his granddaughter fulfill the hopes for an education that had eluded him. She had been named Genevieve after one of his daughters who died as an infant during the war, while he was away at boot camp. For her senior thesis at Pomona in 2005, Carpio interviewed her grandfather, then in his 80s, for one of many oral histories that eventually helped shape her book.

“We really valued oral history because it reveals stories that aren’t in official documents,” she says. “They aren’t the dominant stories about powerful people, the mayors or the business owners, but about the folks who built the city. Nobody knows who digs up the streets, who paves the streets. But that’s what my grandpa did, you know, he dug up the streets in Pomona.”

Her father, Vincent Jr., a long-time Chicano community activist, also cultivated a love of culture and history in his daughter as a young teen, urging her to volunteer at the Ygnacio Palomares Adobe, a Pomona museum.

Although Carpio graduated from high school 20 years ago this past summer, her mother still gushes with pride that Gena was accepted to all 12 colleges where she had applied. Carpio almost passed on applying to Pomona because she thought it would be too hard to get in, and “I was just so scared of rejection.” She still becomes emotional thinking of the day her admission letter from Pomona arrived in the mail.

“I opened it up and my knees buckled. I fell to the floor, and I just started sobbing. I was so happy.”

They only are loyal to this college who departing bear their added riches in trust for mankind.Four years later on her graduation day, Carpio joined her classmates in the traditional passage through the college gates with the weighty inscription: They only are loyal to this college who departing bear their added riches in trust for mankind.

“The idea is that education is not just for your own enrichment, but for you to do something good with what you’ve learned,” she says.

‘“I hope this book encourages people to write their stories, especially those that so often have been left off the map.”

Genevieve Carpio ’05

“I feel like I’m at this really exciting crossroads.”
–Genevieve Carpio ’05

Westward PO

Westward PO

Westward PO Illustration portraying expansion of the post office into western territories.

Cameron Blevins ’08 photographed by Flor Blake

Cameron Blevins ’08 photographed by Flor Blake

On an 80-degree September day in 2016, Cameron Blevins ’08 was wearing a sweater as he waited in one of his favorite places in the world.

The windowless Ahmanson Reading Room of the Munger Research Center at the Huntington Library in San Marino, California, is a carpeted kingdom of quiet. It is kept chilly to safeguard the more than 450,000 rare books and 8 million manuscript items the library holds.

Blevins, now a professor of U.S. history and digital humanities at the University of Colorado Denver, handed an archivist a little slip of paper containing his request for documents. He was deep into research for what would become Paper Trails: The US Post and the Making of the American West, exploring how the postal service, working with private entrepreneurs, played a central role in extending the federal government’s reach to the Pacific.

Paper Trails: The US Post and the Making of the American WestA Wall Street Journal reviewer will go on to call the book “a wonderful example of digital history built on information technology and archival research.” First, though, came the search.

Five, 10, 15 minutes went by before a trolley rolled toward Blevins bearing archival boxes filled with letters from the 1850s through the 1890s.

“You feel like a kid in a candy store,” he says. “The archives are where you find little windows into the past. You look through the catalog to try to find things you can metaphorically unwrap. It’s magical.”

Blevins originally came west from New London, Connecticut, to attend Pomona. In his first semester, his life changed when he wowed Professor of History Sam Yamashita with his paper about major league baseball players’ barnstorming tour of 1930s Japan. “He found it fascinating,” Blevins recalls. “I remember him saying, ‘If you wanted to, you could do this as a career.’ I hadn’t thought until then that this was something I could do for a living. It got my wheels turning.”

Thanks to a Pomona research grant, his sophomore summer he mastered GIS (geographic information system) software and used it to map the landholdings of Venture Smith, an enslaved man who bought his freedom in colonial Connecticut. “This was absolutely transformative for me in my career,” says Blevins, who earned his Ph.D. in history from Stanford. “Pomona supported my research and gave me the independence to spend a summer digging in archives and learning this technology. I’m not sure I would’ve had the same career trajectory if I hadn’t had this experience. It opened my eyes to the potential of technology to study the past and propelled me down this road toward the digital humanities.”

The realm of computational analysis and data visualization offered Blevins a new way to bring history to life. It didn’t replace—and still depended on—the time-intensive work of archival research at places like the Huntington, sifting through box after box of dead-end materials penned in indecipherable script to find the few that will matter. He describes that process as a “combination of excitement, hoping and lots of waiting.”

“All historians have an experience where you’re in the archives and come across some document, and a thrill runs through you. Maybe it’s something personalized, individualized—a human being I’ve been thinking about. I’m able to see him in front of me.”

Blevins would experience such a thrill during his research. But first came the wider context.

“History,” says Blevins, “is not some magic bullet to let you predict the future or avoid mistakes, but it is absolutely crucial for understanding the state of the world and society.”

Historians of the Western frontier once told tales of glorious conquest. In his multivolume book The Winning of the West, Theodore Roosevelt, who became president of the American Historical Association a few years after serving as president of the United States, proclaimed it was “our manifest destiny to swallow up the land of all adjoining nations who were too weak to withstand us.”

The pattern of conquest is “pretty dark,” Blevins says. “The history of the United States is based on two inescapable facts—African slavery and the forced dispossession and attempted extermination of Native people. That’s inescapable and a vitally important part of our history,” he adds. “You can’t understand how we got where we are today without coming face to face with those facts. All of us are sitting on plundered land. That is something our nation needs to face.”

Paper Trails tells how an institution as seemingly benign as the post office helped enable the military and settlers to bring destruction to Native Americans. “The American state’s violent campaigns were conducted with envelopes as well as rifles,” writes Blevins.

The Louisiana Purchase in 1803 opened the floodgates for westward expansion, and the forcible displacement of Native Americans accelerated in the 1830s. The postal system continued the westward march.

USA existing native land reservations west of the Mississippi in 1848 compared to 35,000 post offices spanning from the U.S. east coast to modern day Nebraska

USA existing native lands compared to post offices in 1848.
US Post Office (exact location)
US Post Office (approximate location)
Native Lands
Reservations

Between 1848 and 1895, the federal government opened 24,000 post offices in the western United States. By 1889, the U.S. had 59,000 of those offices nationwide and 400,000 miles of mail routes—a system larger than any other nation’s. (Blevins notes that by comparison, there are fewer than 14,000 McDonald’s restaurants in the U.S.)

He calls this sprawling, fast-moving system a “gossamer network”—as intricate and ephemeral as a spider’s web—that expanded and shrank with each gust of population movement. Some 48,000 post offices closed, changed names or moved during this unstable period. “What surprised me was the speed with which the network could extend these tendrils into really distant places and then also contract,” says Blevins. “Post offices would sprout up in a mining camp and disappear two years later.”

USA native land reservations in 1893 compared to 59,000 post offices spanning the U.S.

USA existing native land reservations compared to post offices in 1893.
US Post Office (exact location)
US Post Office (approximate location)
Native Lands
Reservations

The rapid westward growth of post offices was “a subtle, unexpected system” that accelerated settlers’ migration and violent military oppression, Blevins argues. He believes that the post office’s role in hastening westward migration and armed conflict was so ubiquitous that historians failed to see it.

“Again and again, the protection of [mail] transportation corridors provided a pretext for military action,” Blevins writes. One western officer griped, “Except to guard the El Paso Mail I am unable to discover the necessity for a single soldier at this post.”

True to the data visualization work that Blevins began as a student, Paper Trails emerged from the use of digital history and interactive maps and charts. A visit to gossamernetwork.com, the book’s companion website made in collaboration with designer Yan Wu, reveals clusters and sprinklings of hundreds of pink, purple and blue dots that represent remote post offices in places like Skull Valley, Arizona (established 1869, still operating); Spotted Horse, Montana (established 1890, discontinued 1892); and Mud Meadows, Nevada (established 1867, discontinued 1867). With a computer click one can watch them suddenly appear near gold strikes or materialize in lines as straight as railroad tracks.

Run by contractors who filled local needs as they arose, the postal system expanded so rapidly that its Washington overseers could barely track its growth. “The extension of the mail service was unquestionably far in advance of the actual needs of the country. …It is questionable whether the good accomplished in the remote regions of the West compensated for the positive evil which resulted,” Postmaster General Thomas James wrote in 1881, referring to postal service corruption, not wars.

“As humans, we want tidy morality stories with something as a force for good or evil. Of course, it’s never like that,” says Blevins. “What I see as important is less understanding this period in history, but to think about how large networks, systems and structures shape modern life for good or bad.”

He sees striking parallels to today’s tech companies. “We could go into the way something like Facebook amplifies misinformation. But it’s not like people in its headquarters are scheming how to break American democracy,” says Blevins. “It’s that they put things in motion—things they sometimes don’t understand—or they don’t think about the consequences of structures they set up. It’s less about trying to assign individual blame to a company but trying to think about those underlying algorithms that drive misinformation or radicalization.”

There is another side to Blevins’ work beyond analyzing data and systems. They provided powerful insight, but he still had to find the human stories to bring this history of the immense postal system to life. That proved a tougher quest than Blevins expected. “I went into archives expecting 19th-century Americans to be writing about this amazing network and ‘Isn’t it incredible I’m able to communicate with people 3,000 miles away for the cost of a two-cent stamp?’” Instead, he “heard crickets. When things are vast and wrapped into daily life, people don’t talk about them as much as you’d expect.”

But on that day in the Ahmanson Reading Room, after Blevins had pored through box after box of unusable materials, the trolley stopped at his table, delivering one that would yield an entire chapter in Paper Trails.

Benjamin CurtisIt contained dozens of letters written from the 1850s to the 1890s by Benjamin Curtis and his sisters Sarah, Delia and Jamie. Orphaned in 1852, they had been sent to live with relatives in Massachusetts, Tennessee, Ohio and Illinois. But thanks to the U.S. Post Office, they stayed in touch, especially when they all moved west to equally remote Wyoming, California, Idaho and Arizona.

One of Blevins’ favorite letters is from Benjamin to Delia on September 8, 1886. She is in San Diego. He is homesteading in Arizona’s Salt River Valley, east of Phoenix. The nearest town is 30 miles away, but the post office opened a branch two miles from him in Armer and another three miles away in Catalpa. His wife has given birth to a 9-pound baby daughter. “It is a trying time for any mother, and although it is 100 degrees in this room she does not complain,” Benjamin writes and then tells Delia they named the baby after her.

“We think it is just the nicest baby ever born,” he boasts. “Only it don’t take after its father, for it has plenty of hair on top of its head.”

Benjamin letterLo and behold, in the file Blevins found a photograph of Benjamin, who was far balder than the baby. It was a “humanizing moment” for Blevins as he sifted through the letters offering “beautiful, intimate glimpses” into the siblings’ relationships over decades.

Although cool-headed computer calculations drive the scholarship behind Paper Trails, the heart of the book beats with human stories. Blevins’ gossamer network of outposts on a map ultimately reveals the vast distances that have always existed in America as well as the ties that bind us together.